*The astonishing growth of historical research in the 19th c. produced a great number of works influenced by such varying movements as nationalism, liberalism, Romanticism, neo-classicism, and Hegelian philosophy.
     The spirit expressed in the art and humanism of the Renaissance - special consideration.
      A tendency toward periodization - also characteristic

Jule Michelet, History of France (1833-61)
   16세기 France에서의 Renaissance를 고찰
  Medieval civilization - the destruction of freedom
                        the debasement of the human spirit
  Renaissance - the discovery of the world and the discovery of man, and the spontaneous rebirth of art and antiquity.
 
  art와 classical revival에 국한했던 것을  미슐레는 시대 전체에 적용하였다. - 이전과는 분명히 대조되는 새로운 시기라고 생각하였다.

Jacob Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860).
       drawn with the masterful hand of a literary artist.
       sought to lay bare the modern and inner spirit of the Italian Renaissance.
  greatness - producing a coherent masterpiece of synthesis
              the intellectual, social, and economic phases, Renaissance art는 무시됨.