Renaissance Á¤Ä¡ »ç»ó

 

 Because Italian politics were so intense and innovative, the tension between traditional Christian teachings and actual behavior was more frankly acknowledged in political thought than in most other fields.

 

Niccoló Machiavelli(1469-1527)ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ »ç»ó

 ¾î¸°½ÃÀý Àι®ÁÖÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ·Î¸¶¹ýÀ» °øºÎÇÔ

1494³â(Medici°¡¹®ÀÌ Ãß¹æµÈ Á÷ÈÄ)ÇÁ·Î·»½º Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼­±â·Î °øÀû Ȱµ¿À» ½ÃÀÛ

1498³â chancellor of the Second Chancery·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾î ¿Ü±³ ¾÷¹«¿¡ °ü°èÇÏ°í ±¹¹æºÎ¿¡ ¼­±â·Î ±Ù¹«.

¿Ü±³°üÀ¸·Î¼­ ÇÁ¶û½º ¿Õ Louis XII¿Í ½Å¼º·Î¸¶ ȲÁ¦ Maxmilian 1¼¼ÀÇ ±ÃÁ¤À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ°í ¿©·¯ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀ» ¹æ¹®.

1512³â Medici °¡¹®ÀÇ ±Ç·Â º¹±Í·Î ÇÁ·Î·»½º Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿äÁ÷À» »ó½Ç. °í¹®°ú Åõ¿Á ÈÄ Á¤°è¿¡¼­ ÀºÅðÇÏ¿© ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼­ Àº°Å »ýȰ.

ÇÇ·»Ã¼ °øÈ­±¹¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû Ȱµ¿°ú °æÇè

ºÎ¸£´Ï³ª »ì·çŸƼ ó·³ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÀü Çй®À» ±¹°¡ÀÇ °øÀû ¾÷¹«¿¡ Ȱ¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 

Àú¼­

 The Mandrake Root - °¡Àå ¼º°øÀûÀÎ Èñ±Ø ÀÛǰ

  

 Il principe (1512-13; The Prince)

 

 Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (1521; "Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy" in Discourses)

 ---began with the not unchristian axiom that people are immoderate in their ambitions and desires and likely to oppress each other whenever free to do so.

 

Two disasters of his time

 

His emergency solution in The Prince  Il principe (1512-13; The Prince)

Machiavelli's political philosophy

 

More than half a century later in France, Jean Bodin(1530-96)., magistrate of Laon and a member of the Estates-General --- insisted that the state must possess a single, unified, and absolute power; He thus developed in detail the doctrine of national sovereignty in all of its administrative consequences and in its role as the source of all legal legitimacy.

 

In the 17th century in England, Thomas Hobbes

 

In Holland -- a prosperous and tolerant commercial republic in the 17th century, the issues of political philosophy took a different form.

 Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) -- to provide a defense of their trade rights and of their free access to the seas

 Mare Liverum(1609); The Freedom of the Seas) and De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625; On the Law of War and Peace) --- the first significant of international law.

---in defending the rights of the concept of "natural law" -- the notion that inherent in human reason and unmutable even against the willfulness of sovereign states are imperative considerations of natural justice and moral responsibility, which must serve as a check against the arbitrary exercise of vast political power.