Renaissance Á¤Ä¡ »ç»ó
Because Italian politics were so intense and innovative, the tension between traditional Christian teachings and actual behavior was more frankly acknowledged in political thought than in most other fields.
Niccoló Machiavelli(1469-1527)ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ »ç»ó
¾î¸°½ÃÀý Àι®ÁÖÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ°í ·Î¸¶¹ýÀ» °øºÎÇÔ
1494³â(Medici°¡¹®ÀÌ Ãß¹æµÈ Á÷ÈÄ)ÇÁ·Î·»½º Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼±â·Î °øÀû Ȱµ¿À» ½ÃÀÛ
1498³â chancellor of the Second Chancery·Î ÀÓ¸íµÇ¾î ¿Ü±³ ¾÷¹«¿¡ °ü°èÇÏ°í ±¹¹æºÎ¿¡ ¼±â·Î ±Ù¹«.
¿Ü±³°üÀ¸·Î¼ ÇÁ¶û½º ¿Õ Louis XII¿Í ½Å¼º·Î¸¶ ȲÁ¦ Maxmilian 1¼¼ÀÇ ±ÃÁ¤À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ°í ¿©·¯ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀ» ¹æ¹®.
1512³â Medici °¡¹®ÀÇ ±Ç·Â º¹±Í·Î ÇÁ·Î·»½º Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿äÁ÷À» »ó½Ç. °í¹®°ú Åõ¿Á ÈÄ Á¤°è¿¡¼ ÀºÅðÇÏ¿© ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼ Àº°Å »ýȰ.
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ºÎ¸£´Ï³ª »ì·çŸƼ ó·³ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÀü Çй®À» ±¹°¡ÀÇ °øÀû ¾÷¹«¿¡ Ȱ¿ëÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
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The Mandrake Root - °¡Àå ¼º°øÀûÀÎ Èñ±Ø ÀÛǰ
Il principe (1512-13; The Prince)
Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (1521; "Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy" in Discourses)
---began with the not unchristian axiom that people are immoderate in their ambitions and desires and likely to oppress each other whenever free to do so.
---To get them to limit their selfishness and act for the common good should be the lofty, almost holy, purpose of governments.
Two disasters of his time
¨çThe decline of free government in the city-states
¨èThe overrunning of Italy by French, German, and Spanish armies
His emergency solution in The Prince Il principe (1512-13; The Prince)
---Italy needed a new leader
---who would unify the people, drive out "the barbarians", and reestablish civic virtue.
In the Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy (1517)
---analyzed the foundations and practice of republican government.
---He was consciously forsaking Christian ethics for the morality of civic virtue.
¦± believe that virtú --bold and intelligent initiative -- could shape fortuna -- the play of external forces
---He was motivated by patriotic hopes for the ultimate unification of Italy and by the conviction that the low state of Italian Renaissance morality needed to be elevated by restoring the ancient Roman virtues
On Monarchy(1313)
- ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³È²ÀÇ ¼öÀ§±Ç(papal supremacy)¸¦ °ø°Ý.
The History of Florence
ÇÇ·»Ã¼ÀÇ ±â¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ 1492³â Lorenzo de MediciÀÇ »ç¸Á±îÁö¸¦ ¼¼ú
Machiavelli's political philosophy
Áß¼¼ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀÌ·Ð Áï Á¦ÇÑÁ¤ºÎ·Ð(the idea of limited government)°ú Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ À±¸®(the ethical basis of politics) µîÀ» ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ ¾þÀº »ç¶÷Àº Machiavelli À̿ܿ¡ ¾ø´Ù.
±¹°¡¸¦ °ÈÇÏ°í °ÇÏ°Ô Çϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î½á Àý´ëÁÖÀÇ(absolutism)¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇß°í ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ±ÇÀ§(authority of the rule)r¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â Áß¼¼ÀÇ µµ´ö·üÀÇ ÀÌ»ó(idea of moral law) ¸÷½Ã °æ¸êÇß´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù. Åë Ä¡ÀÚÀÇ ÃÖ°í Àǹ«´Â ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±Ç·Â(Èû)°ú ¾ÈÀüÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ» »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥ ±ºÁÖ´Â ¼Ò±ØÀûÀ̾ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù.
Àΰ£¼ºÀ» ³Ã¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î º¸°í ±×´Â ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÌ À̱âÀû (selfishness, self interest) µ¿±â ƯÈ÷ ±Ç·Â¿å, ¹°ÁúÀû ¹ø¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿å¸ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù Àڱط°í¹«µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±¹°¡ÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ´Â ½ÅÇϵéÀÇ Ãæ¼ºÀ̳ª ¾ÖÁ¤À» °áÄÚ ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©¼´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Âµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ °æÀïÀÚ(rival)À̰í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ¼ÓÀ̰í ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
MachiavelliÀÇ ºñ µµ´öÀû »ç»ó¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí Á¤Ä¡ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿ª»ç»ó Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. ±× °ÍÀº À±¸®Çаú Á¤Ä¡ÇÐÀÇ ºÐ¸®ÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÚ¿¬¹ý ´ë½Å ±¹°¡°¡ Á¦Á¤ÇÏ°í ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöµÇ´Â positive law(½ÇÁ¤¹ý) »ç»óÀº ±Ù´ëÁ¤Ä¡À̳äÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. polybius ½Ã´ë ÀÌ·¡·Î Á¤Ä¡À̷п¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Çö½ÇÁÖÀÇÀڷνá Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
More than half a century later in France, Jean Bodin(1530-96)., magistrate of Laon and a member of the Estates-General --- insisted that the state must possess a single, unified, and absolute power; He thus developed in detail the doctrine of national sovereignty in all of its administrative consequences and in its role as the source of all legal legitimacy.
In the 17th century in England, Thomas Hobbes
--tutor to the future Charles II
---developed the fiction that in the "state of nature" that preceded civilization life was "nasty, brutish, and short" with "every man's hand raise against every other", and that a "social contract" was thus agreed upon to convey all private rights to a single sovereign in return for general protection and for the institution of a reign of law. Because law is simply "the command of sovereign", Hobbes at once turned justice into a by-product of power and denied any right of rebellion except when the sovereign becomes too weak to protect the common wealth and hold to united
In Holland -- a prosperous and tolerant commercial republic in the 17th century, the issues of political philosophy took a different form.
Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) -- to provide a defense of their trade rights and of their free access to the seas
Mare Liverum(1609); The Freedom of the Seas) and De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625; On the Law of War and Peace) --- the first significant of international law.
---in defending the rights of the concept of "natural law" -- the notion that inherent in human reason and unmutable even against the willfulness of sovereign states are imperative considerations of natural justice and moral responsibility, which must serve as a check against the arbitrary exercise of vast political power.